Abstract

Every cell in your body needs oxygen, blood, nutrients and many other key things to ensure that the cell survives. When doing exercise your body reacts much different than when you are at rest. Everything is hightened, from breathing to how fast your heart is beating. And the more you exercise the more your systems work and need each other to keep your body going. By doing this experiment we see how each system interacts with each other. The circulatory system is connected to almost every system in the body. However the circulatory system and the respiratory system work closely together. The heart, lungs and blood vessels all work together as part of the circulatory system.

The objective of this lab is to measure the bodies metabolic mechanisms in response to different
levels of exercise: pulse, respiration rate, blood pressure, temperature (internal and
external) and sweat. These measurements will be taken various times at rest, during medium activity and high activity. For each level of activity a mean will be calculated from all the results of the students in the class. The results of these means will be an indicator as to wether or not the hypothesis is correct or not.

Introduction

"Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments basic body metabolic parameters:

— pulse,
– respiration rate,
– blood pressure,
– temperature and sweat

The objective of this lab measures body metabolic mechanisms in response to different
levels of exercise: pulse, respiration rate, blood pressure, temperature (internal and external) and sweat."

Introduction; Procedures

The three different conditions of activity consisted:

- Having a student volunteer laying down at complete rest for ten minutes.
- Having a student volunteer do a light activity for five minutes.
- Having a student volunteer do intense activity for five minutes.

After each activity the metabolic rates were measured as quickly as possible using: oralthermometer, ordinary thermometer, sphygmomanometer (blood pressure gauge), pieceof microscope tissue (for sweat), stethoscope.

- The oral thermometer should use cover slips and/or be disinfected with mouth wash beforeeach use.

Hypothesis

Everyone's body reacts differently to exercise as does each system inside the body. The results of this experiment are expected to be different for each measurment and for all three levels of activity.

When the person is at rest, sleeping the results are expected to be average, meaning that they should not be out of the ordinary since the body is at rest . All the measuments being tested (Blood pressure - systolic and dyastolic. Temperature - internal, external. Pulse. Heart Rate. Sweat. Respiration), should be of normal or lower than normal results.

During the mild activity, even if the workout isn't strenuous, the results of the measurments are expected to be elevated. (See above paragraph for measurments being observed) However, the mild activity is not per se running or doing a lot of exercise. It is a simple, normal activity that's uninterupted. Your body will register that it is doing some kind of a workout but the results should not be overly elevated for the amount of exercise that is taking place.

During the high activity the body will much more tired than during the light and mild activity. Usually high activity includes things such as running, push-ups, sit-ups, etc... All things that get your heart pumping and make you more tired. (see light activity for measurments being observed) Each measurment will be much more elevated than during light and mild activity and this means that the results will be much different from the other levels of activity. For example teens should have a pulse of about 60 to 100 beats per minute. When doing high levels of activity for a period of time it can elevate to (for example) 144 beats per minute.

Overall the hypothesis is that the more activity that is taking place, the more that your metabolic rates are going to elevate.

Observations (Results)

Respiration

Discussion

Human Cell structure

Each cell in the muscles needed more oxygen when doing more work because of increased cellular respiration within the cell. Each cell also requires glucose which is part of cellular respiration. Two substances produced during cellular respiration are carbon dioxideand water. Cells use cellular respiration to be able to take in food and transform it into energy that the body and muscles need. In order for cells to function, they require inputs. It requires an energy chemical called ATP. Cells also require sugar and oxygen to keep functioning.
The formula for cellular respiration is as followed;

C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy - respiration

CO2 + H2O + Energy(light) → C6H12O6 + O2 - photosynthesis

Blood is the transport system for oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide and part of the water. Blood is made up of plasma, white blood cells, platelets and red blood cells. Every cell in your body, wether it's your skin, muscles, organs or any other part of your body, needs blood. Cells cannot survive without blood. It brings sugars and nutrients as well as oxygen to each cell. It is also used to take waste out of the cells, . Blood is used by many of the systems in our bodies. The respiratory system uses blood to take oxygen from the lungs to the different cells in the body. Blood transports nourishment from the digestive system to the cells that need it. Hormones alose travel from glands through the blood. While you are exercising all of these systems are being used. In order for the blood pressure to maitain a good equilibrium, it is important that the extra amouts of water, nutrients and some minerals must be eliminated from the body.

Oxygen in the blood is carried by a system of tubules made-up of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries.Oxygen diffuses from the high concentration in the arterial capillaries into the area of low concentration in the cell.Oxygen attaches itself to the erythrocytes that are red blood cells.Erythrocytes contain hemoglobin which is a molecule that contains an iron atom. Oxygen binds itself to that iron atom. Hemoglobin helps in the transport of oxygen to the rest of the body for cells to use.
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the high concentration in the cells intothe area of low concentration in capillaries around the cell.The capillaries carry the blood rich in carbon dioxide to the venules and then to the veins. The veins carry the carbon dioxide to the upper and lower vena cava that lead into the right atrium. The blood that is in the right atrium is then pumped into the right ventricle. From here the blood travels out of the heart into the pulmonary artery. Once the blood is in the pulmonary artery it is carried to the lungs to be oxygenated. Once the deoxygenated blood travels through the pulmonary artery and reaches the lungs, the carbon dioxide that is in the blood cells is released into the lungs. This releases energy in the lungs.

Receptors, such as the one in the aorta, detect the rise in carbon dioxide in the body as the blood leaves the left ventricle. The carbon dioxide receptor examines the level of carbon dioxide in the blood. The receptor sends a signal to respiratory centre in response to an increase or decreasein the levels of carbon dioxide.The respiratory centre is located in the medulla oblongata at the base of the brain. The respiratory centre , which is part of the central nervous system and part of the autonomous nervous system, sends a signal to the muscles involved with respiration such as the intercostal muscles in the ribcage and the diaphragm to work faster if the levels of carbon dioxide have increased. These signals occur very quickly. During the intense activity level the abdominal muscles were also activated by the respiratory system.

As the muscles around the lungs contract,they enlarge the area around the lungs.The enlarged area around the lungs decreases the pressure in the lungs. The pressure outside the body is greater at that point than in the lungs so air from the outside is forced into the lungs by the difference in pressure. As the musclesrelax and return to their original positions, the higher pressure on the lungs forces air from the lungs into the air.
The lungs are comprised of two main sections. The left and the right lungs. Air from the outside enters through the nostrils and mouth. The respiratory filters the air that you breathe in, so even if there are bad things in the air and you breathe them in, your body will destroy them as much as possible. Either by coughing the polluant out or by digestive juices.

There are four major organs involoved in the excretory system; the kidneys, the liver, the lungs and the skin. Each has it's own unique way of removing cellular waste from the body. The main function of the kidney's is to regulate how much liquid is in the body. The kidney's also remove waste. In each kidney blood is filtered to remove excess waste which is then turne into urine. The urine is passed to the bladder. However, if there is not enough water in the blood, a signal is sent to the hypothalamus. In the hypothalamus the piturary gland then releases a hormone called antidiuretic hormone. This hormone makes the kidney obsorb more water in the blood so the urine has a higher concentration. The third major organ that takes place in removing waste (sweat) is the skin. Sweat is mostly comprised of water with a few other chemicals including salts, minerals, sugar, etc... Blood helps in transporting the waste to the sweat glands which are found almost everywhere across the human body. The sweat glands are found in the dermis (part of the skin that is low). The sweat glands are controlled by the bodies nervous system. Your body should be at a core temperature of about 37 degress celcius. When doing strenuous activity, often times you core temperature will rise higher than 37. The hypothalamus in the brain controls your overall body temperature. When your body temperature rises your brain reacts, so in order to find a way to cool down your body, a signal from the hypothalamus is sent to make your body sweat. This is where the sweat glands come in to play. The sweat, or excess waste, is released from your body through little holes in your skin called pores. Once the sweat has left the pores it gets evaporated. As the sweat leaves your skin it cools off the body.








Excretory System





The results in the experiment indicate that both respiration and pulse increased with higher activity levels. The mean results support the hypothesis.The range in the results can be explained by different levels of strenuous activities, some requiring more oxygen, and by differentl evels of fitness among the subjects.

Conclusion.

It takes many systems for our bodies to be able to function, especially during exercise. Our body needs energy that is created by our cells and it also takes many different systems in our body working together. Looking at the class averages (see the charts in observations) it is obvious that the hypothesis was supported during the experiment. The results in the experiment indicate that both respiration and pulse increased with higher activity levels. The mean results support the hypothesis because each measurment that was taken got higher as the activity increased. The experiment helped show that every system in our body needs to work together to be able to keep functioning even during heavy activity. The experiment was sucessful with minimal to no results lost. A few of the results could have been changed by not taking the measurments fast enough. However most were taken acuratley and imidiatley after the excersie was done.